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In ancient times, tin was one of the earliest metals used by humans in production and daily life, and was the main component of bronze alloys.
Element description:
There are three allotropes: white tin, gray tin, and brittle tin. The common one is white tin. It is silver white in color. Rich in expansibility, it can transform into powdered gray tin at temperatures below 0 ℃. Density: White tin 7.28 grams per cubic centimeter. Grey tin 5.75g/cm3, brittle tin 6.52-6.56g/cm3. Melting points: gray tin 231.9861 ℃, white tin 231.88 ℃, brittle tin 231.89 ℃. Boiling points: gray tin 2270 ℃, white tin 2260 ℃, brittle tin 2260 ℃. The valences are+2 and+4. The ionization energy is 7.344 electron volts. Tin can react with strong acids and bases. A protective layer of tin dioxide can be formed in the air. Both hot and concentrated halogen acids can corrode it. Hot sulfuric acid, especially in the presence of oxidants, dissolves tin. At high temperatures, concentrated nitric acid has a significant corrosive effect on tin. Does not interact with dilute solutions of ammonium hydroxide and sodium carbonate.
Element source:
The main mineral is cassiterite. Impurities are removed and placed in a reverberatory furnace. Coarse products can be obtained by carbon reduction, and then purified by heating, remelting, or electrolytic refining.
Element usage:
The most important use is as a tin plated steel container for storing food. Also used for base iron and copper. Tin plated iron sheet is called tinplate. Tin chemicals and compounds, whether inorganic or organic, are widely used in the electroplating, ceramic, and plastic industries. Compounds of divalent tin, such as tin dioxide, can be used as reducing agents.
Element auxiliary materials:
Tin has a lower melting point than copper. In nature, it mostly exists in the mineral form of cassiterite SnO2. In ancient times, people obtained tin from ores around the same time they obtained copper.
However, tin is softer and less sturdy than copper, making it unsuitable for making objects. Only by mixing tin into copper and making them an alloy - bronze - can they become harder. If the hardness of tin is set to 5, then the hardness of copper is 30, and the hardness of bronze is 100-150. (For detailed information about bronze, please refer to the auxiliary materials of copper.)
The Latin name STANNUM for tin and the element symbol Sn, some say derived from the Sanskrit word STHAS, means hard. Another theory is from STANNINE (yellow tin mine)
